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S&P Global Ratings releases Vault risk assessment framework for on-chain lending.

2026.10.05 08:27:02

S&P Global Ratings has unveiled the Vault Risk Assessment (VRA), a risk evaluation framework for on-chain lending vaults, applicable to vaults that provide liquidity to blockchain lending markets collateralized by crypto assets or tokenized real-world assets (RWA). The VRA will comprehensively assess factors including underlying asset credit risk, protocol and blockchain risks, vault operator risk, and liquidity, using rating symbols such as AAA(v), where AAA(v) represents the lowest risk. S&P emphasized that the VRA is not a traditional credit rating, nor does it evaluate vault yields or guarantee their credit quality.

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Ethereum clients release a security update to fix an eMudhra certificate vulnerability; default mainnet nodes are unaffected.

Indian certificate authority eMudhra’s cryptographic security vulnerability has impacted Ethereum clients Teku and Besu. Researchers discovered that the private keys of 8 intermediate certificate authorities under eMudhra may be derivable due to insufficient randomness, enabling attackers to forge certificates and trick unpatched software into trusting malicious services. Teku has released version 26.10.3, and Besu has released version 26.10.2, both removing trust in the relevant certificates from their Docker images. Attackers could carry out man-in-the-middle attacks to deceive some validators into sending block fee rewards to attacker addresses; the risk is higher in specific configurations using external signers. The Teku team noted that Teku nodes on Ethereum mainnet with default configurations are not affected, requiring no action, and there have been no reports of the vulnerability being exploited. For operators running Teku or Besu directly on hosts without Docker, updating the client alone is insufficient—they must also manually update Java and its trusted certificate list. Operators still using end-of-life Java 26 need to migrate to Java 25.

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Yesterday, U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs posted a net inflow of $137.3 million, while U.S. spot Ethereum ETFs saw a net outflow of $21.4 million.

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Sony launches global on-chain entertainment incubation program to support startup projects built on Soneium.

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Euronext suspends trading of CoinShares Zcash ETP, citing its settlement system is not yet capable of supporting the product.

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Hong Kong-listed public company Ruihe Digital Intelligence sold 38.76 Bitcoin, valued at approximately $3.1219 million.

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